Notably, plant-derived IL-13 exhibited greater resistance to trypsin, pepsin and pancreatin digestion compared to E. coli-derived IL-13 (Fig. 4), suggesting that glycans play a protective role, showcasing a potential for its oral delivery in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infection or type 1 diabetes (Wang et al., 2008). Here, IL13 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.