In one randomized clinical trial of surgical patients with KDIGO stage 2 AKI, with a neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin level > 150 ng/ml and at least one comorbidity (e.g., sepsis, vasopressor use, and volume overload), the 90-day mortality rate was 39% among the patients receiving “early” KRT, versus 54% among those receiving “late” KRT [23]. Here, MMP2 is linked to acute kidney injury.