LSR and infection: Preincubation with C. perfringens type V neuraminidase to enzymatically remove sialic acid or with soluble heparin sulfate (HS) to inhibit virus-HS proteoglycan interaction reduced the infection in VSV-SARS-CoV-2-transduced Caco-2 cells and similar decline of virus binding was observed between wild type and LSR-KD group (Fig. EV3C), excluding the possibility that LSR can interfere in the interaction of Spike with sialic acids or HS proteoglycans which have been proved to be important for binding and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 (Bermejo-Jambrina et al, 2021; Nguyen et al, 2022).