In alignment with these findings, another study examining the oral microbiota present in the saliva of HNSCC patients before and after treatment (including surgery, chemoradiotherapy and ICI) revealed associations between specific oral bacteria composition (Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus), downregulation of immune-signaling pathways and upregulation of oncogenic Wnt/Beta-catenin pathways (involved in carcinogenesis and development of HNSCC) (114). This evidence concerns the gene CTNNB1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.