CSF1 and gastric cancer: For downstream inflammatory factors, our findings were supported by previous studies that demonstrated a strong association between pre-neoplastic alterations and the development of gastric cancer, involving various inflammatory regulators including bNGF, GCSF, IL-13, IL-5, IL-7, and MCSF(Yu et al., 2023; Hayakawa et al., 2017; Morris et al., 2014; Petersen et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2017).