have delineated the tumor boundary region, which serves as a critical interface between malignant and non-malignant tissues, identifying specific cell subtypes, cellular interactions, and potential therapeutic targets enriched at this boundary, and have observed significant infiltration of FAP+ fibroblasts and SPP1+ macrophages in colorectal cancer, which correlates with adverse prognosis and resistance to immunotherapy (13, 14). Here, FAP is linked to neoplasm.