TNF and irritable bowel syndrome: Th1 cells secret TNF‐α and IFN‐γ that promote the pathophysiology of CD, while UC is associated with atypical Th2 immune response, characterized by IL‐13 releasing.[14] However, the efficacy of IFN‐γ or IL‐13 specific antibodies was not established in IBD patients clinically.[15] The manifestations of UC are repeated episodes of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually accompanied by fever in the active period.