CD4 and HIV-1 infection: Although THP-1 GagZip VCCs were not overfilled with viral particles, as described in HIV-1-infected MDMs using electron microscopy (Nkwe et al., 2016; Gaudin et al., 2013; Bennett et al., 2009), we provide robust evidence to support that HIV-1 induction resembles several aspects of HIV-1 infection in MDMs, including CD81 redistribution to the plasma membrane, intracellular virus accumulation and transmission from macrophages to CD4+ T cells (Fig. S1).