These findings were further validated in the multicenter phase 3 DIPPER trial (n = 262, NCT03427827) and the phase 3 OAK trial of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in NSCLC, underscoring the predictive value of Ki67+ Treg frequency in identifying the beneficiaries of immunotherapy and potentially guiding personalized treatment strategies. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.