CD8A and neoplasm: 135). Following RT for rectal cancer, the proportion of CD4 + T cells and memory T cells was higher in the response group than in the non-response group, while the proportion of CD8 + T cells and M2 was lower (Ref. 136). RT amplified the percentage of antigen-experienced T cells and effector memory T cells. RT upregulates the tumour-associated antigen-MHC complex, improves antigen-cross-presentation, and numerous studies demonstrate that RT increases T-cell infiltration in tumours (Refs 34, 46, 137, 138).