DYRK1A and Down syndrome: The phenotypes associated with Down syndrome (Antonarakis, 2017), including abnormal neurodevelopment (Hämmerle et al., 2011; Najas et al., 2015), and increased susceptibility to acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (Malinge et al., 2012), have been reasoned to be due to an increased expression of DYRK1A.