In recent years, next-generation medications guided by the analysis of disease pathways, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is), and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is), have become increasingly common alternatives or additions to insulin for second-line T2DM therapy. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.