VEGFA and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Moreover, one recent study found that plasma VEGF accumulation was associated with an increased T‐helper 1 (Th1)/T‐helper 2 (Th2) ratio in patients with T2DM, and the Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly higher in T2DM patients with microvascular complications than those without microvascular complications, suggesting that immune imbalance may also mediate the association between VEGF and microvascular dysfunction in diabetic patients.24