For example, higher values of ACES (inhibited by pyridostigmine bromide, which is in phase 2 testing for HF), DNJA4 and PLXB2 associated with higher AF and HF risk, whereas higher values of IL6RA (targeted by tocilizumab), NEC1, and RET (targeted by regorafenib, which has cardiac side-effects) associated with lower AF and HF risk. Here, PCSK1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.