Another study revealed that miR-340-5p may be a negative regulator of IPF fibroblasts; its overexpression can alleviate the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts in PF by targeting ATF1 and inhibiting the TGF-β1-stimulated MAPK/p38 pathway [84]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.