The effects of IGF-1 on complex V expression may be a compensatory response to mitochondrial uncoupling as IGF-1 induces uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression through the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 axis in diverse cell types including mouse adipocytes, myoblasts, and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Watamoto et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene UCP2 and hepatocellular carcinoma.