IGF1 and age-related macular degeneration: Furthermore, growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) may be dysregulated in the aged retina and are elevated in various ocular diseases, including AMD (Amin et al., 1994; Lambooij et al., 2003; Rosenthal et al., 2004).