TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: TGF-β1 treatment of A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells induces significant reprogramming of amino acid metabolism, increasing glutamate and aspartate, while decreasing alanine, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, citrulline, proline, and hydroxyproline (Nakasuka et al., 2021).