TNF and neurodegenerative disease: In mouse models of neurodegenerative disease or ischemic stroke, PPARδ agonists suppress neuronal cell loss 19,20, mitochondrial dysfunction 20, activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB or nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome 21,22, and neutrophil infiltration 23, 24 and reduce the expression of several pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 21, 24.