Different macrophage states may play opposite roles in inflammation and tissue repair, such as M2 macrophages releasing TGF-β to facilitate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting fibrosis progression, as observed in gastric cancer-derived mesenchymal stromal cells inducing M2 macrophage polarization that promotes metastasis and EMT in gastric cancer. Here, TGFB1 is linked to gastric cancer.