INS and Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a significant chronic metabolic condition globally 1, responsible for 90% of diabetes cases.2 This condition arises from a malfunction in insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both.3 Unfortunately, the prevalence of this disease is increasing, with an estimated 642 million people expected to be affected by 2040.4 Several factors contribute to the rising prevalence of T2D, including genetic predisposition, obesity and overweight, aging population, socioeconomic status, social and environmental influences, and reduced physical activity as urbanization continues.