Next, we tested the effect of HSPD1 on ATP5A1 ubiquitination and observed that HSPD1 overexpression inhibited ATP5A1 polyubiquitination, whereas HSPD1 depletion increased ATP5A1 ubiquitination levels in osteosarcoma cells (Figure 9A-D). Here, ATP5F1A is linked to osteosarcoma.