Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) activates the ROS/PI3K/AKT axis, releases cytokines such as VEGF-C, CCL7, and IL-8 to recruit macrophages, and upregulates M-CSF expression to drive M2 polarization, thereby facilitating NSCLC progression 66. Here, CSF1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.