GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors had a lower dementia risk compared to sulfonylurea initiators (HR for GLP-1 agonists: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60–0.79; HR for DPP-4 inhibitors: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.97) (Figs. 2a and 3). This evidence concerns the gene GCG and dementia.