These pre-clinical findings have now been translated into humans as a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adult subjects with recent onset T1D found that individuals receiving once daily, oral, slow-release verapamil to inhibit TXNIP for 1 year had improved beta cell function as assessed by mixed-meal stimulated C-peptide area under the curve (AUC), required less insulin, spent more time within the blood glucose target range, and had significantly fewer hypoglycemic events (10). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.