TNF and Alzheimer disease: Otherwise, its systemic inhibition has shown promising results by enhancing cognitive performance and decreased levels of cerebral Aβ during AD, and attenuating neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits during PD [61, 62], Both IL-6 and TNF-α mediate microglial pro-inflammatory activity, Aβ production, and dopaminergic neuron apoptosis, thus being considered major cytokines involved in AD and PD neuroinflammatory pathogenesis [61, 63].