IFNG and malaria: At primary outcome timepoints, malaria-endemic rural participants had significantly lower responses for several vaccines compared with those in urban settings: TE GMRs were 0·70 (95% CI 0·49–0·99) for YF-17D PRNT90 antibody titres, 0·29 (0·20–0·43) for S Typhi O-lipopolysaccharide-specific IgG, and 0·53 (0·35–0·80) for tetanus-specific IgG; however, BCG-specific IFNγ responses were higher (GMR 1·54 [1·20–1·98]).