ESR1 and cancer: Because genistein binds and adheres to estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has epigenetic and genome-wide effects, and induces apoptosis, it is known to exhibit mild estrogenic action, which may inhibit the growth of cancer cells (Chen and Chien, 2014; Fürst et al., 2012).