The pathways that share common aspects with the pathophysiology of PCOS and its complications and that showed a significant relationship with GDF-15 were estrogen (false discovery rate [FDR] 0.0032), oxidative stress response (FDR 0.0049), ovarian infertility (FDR 0.0049), IL-18 (FDR 0.0049), IL-4 (FDR 0.0081), the ratio of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) to their receptor (RAGE; FDR 0.0109), leptin signaling pathway (FDR 0.0110), TGF-β pathways (FDR 0.014), adipogenesis (FDR 0.0265), and insulin signaling (FDR 0.0335). Here, INS is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.