CTLA4 and neoplasm: Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway has the potential to boost the cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment.61 Hence, the simultaneous blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 with ICB is regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy in the medical field due to their unique regulatory roles in the immune system, garnering considerable attention.