TGFB1 and cancer: LY2157299 is an oral small molecule inhibitor that can prevent CAF activation and immunosuppression.561 Another drug, minnelide, is also being studied in clinical trials to block TGF-β signaling.562 In conclusion, although CAFs are considered an attractive target in cancer therapy, clinical outcomes of CAF-targeted therapies remain suboptimal and warrant further in-depth research.