Additionally, the identification of PD-1+CD8+ T cells within TLS prior to treatment initiation had the potential to predict the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy.598 Furthermore, the induction of TLS in regressing lesions is associated with the response of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, the primary causal agent of cervical cancer.599 TLS not only serve as markers of therapeutic immune responses in cancer but also contribute to enhancing anti-tumor immune reactions. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is cancer.