TGFB1 and neoplasm: This restructuring of the tumor microenvironment hinders the migration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells towards the central tumor zone.68 Studies have shown that inhibiting TGF-β with neutralizing antibodies or genetic deletion of DDR1 can enhance T cell infiltration in murine models of mUC and TNBC, effectively overcoming immune exclusion within the central tumor area.68 Understanding these mechanisms sheds light on immune exclusion, providing avenues for identifying new immune therapeutic targets to enhance immune cell infiltration.