Promising approaches for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy involve encapsulating dual-function dsRNA in lipid-calcium nanoparticles to induce pro-inflammatory Th1 responses and increase CD8+ T cell levels.862 The addition of Riboxxim to PLGA microparticles has been shown to enhance tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses by activating TLR3 and RIG-I signaling pathways in both mouse and human dendritic cells.863 Another key class of RLRs, MDA5, can activate IRF3 and IFN-β production, leading to MHC-I upregulation and immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. This evidence concerns the gene IRF3 and neoplasm.