EPCAM and neoplasm: Consistently, hypoxic tumor cells are known to increase ECM invasion (Rankin & Giaccia, 2016; Moon et al, 2021) and to have lower levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin (E-Cad) (Scheel et al, 2007; Polyak & Weinberg, 2009; Chen et al, 2010; Jiang et al, 2015; Lehmann et al, 2017; Dongre & Weinberg, 2019; Padmanaban et al, 2019).