Studies have demonstrated an imbalance in the levels of angiogenic chemokines (ELR+ CXC chemokines [CXCL5 and CXCL8]) and angiostatic chemokines (interferon-inducible ELR- CXC chemokines [CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11]) in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis and lung tissue from patients with IPF [32]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL9 and pulmonary fibrosis.