Based on the initial observation that low-dose intracisternal administration of GLP-1 reduces food intake acutely in rodents (52, 53), and similar findings of exogenous IV administration of GLP-1 in healthy humans (54), GLP-1RAs have been found to reduce body weight substantially in both T2D and obesity. Here, GLP1R is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.