Neuron-specific knock-out of IGF-IR correlated with decreased neuro-inflammation and improved spatial memory in mouse models of AD (94, 95, 97), and genetically ablating IGF-IR in neurons of the aging brain was protective against the neuro-inflammation, amyloid-β (Aβ) proteotoxicity, and memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloidogenic Aβ oligomers (97). Here, IGF1R is linked to Alzheimer disease.