In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α also exhibit opposing effects on tumor progression: HIF‐1α deletion enhances tumor proliferation and immune infiltration, whereas loss of HIF‐2α reduces the progression of precursor lesions, further underscoring the nuanced roles of these factors in cancer.208, 209. This evidence concerns the gene EPAS1 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.