Wang et al. (2013) found several hub genes associated with DMD, including C3AR1, TLR7, IRF8, and CD33, which are linked to immune and inflammation responses. Wang et al. (2021) identified proteins acting as hubs for DMD and BMD, finding 1,281 genes overexpressed and 189 downregulated. Here, C3AR1 is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.