AGEs promote the upregulation of high-affinity copper transporter-1 by upregulating the transcription factors activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)/transcription factor PU.1 (SPI1)/SLC31A1, thus increasing intracellular copper accumulation and inducing cuproptosis in DCM (171). Here, ATF3 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.