GAA and diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease that affects the regulation of blood sugar levels in humans.13 In 2021, more than 536 million adults (age ranging 20–79 years) had diabetes mellitus, which is over 10.5% of the global adult population.14 Effective treatments for T2DM focus on controlling blood glucose levels and minimizing side effects.15 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are a class of oral medications that work by delaying the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose, thereby reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.