The LPS of Gram-negative bacteria, such as P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, binds to TLR-4 on immune cells and activates the MyD88-dependent pathway, leading to the activation of NF-κB and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in ESCC [62,66,67]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.