CX3CL1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Additionally, CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling induces paclitaxel resistance in gastric cancer through RhoA signaling and promotes migration and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in colon cancer, and the blockade of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 has proven effective in both cases [111,112].