After controlling for known potential confounding factors (age, gender, education, and APOE-ε4 allele), the main findings of this study include that (1) AD and CVDs were associated with longitudinal changes in 48 and 46 proteomic biomarkers, respectively, and both AD and CVDs were associated with longitudinal changes in 14 proteomic biomarkers; (2) both MCI and CVDs were associated with longitudinal changes in 12 proteomic biomarkers; and (3) APOE-ε4 was associated with 22 proteomic biomarkers. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is Alzheimer disease.