TNF and allergic disease: On the other hand, the levels of some cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-10, and IL-5, were within the range presented by Gomez et al. When comparing our cohort of full-term and premature babies, the latter group exhibited a higher cytokine concentration, such as TNF-α, whose high concentrations have been reported in children with inflammatory bowel disease and cow’s milk protein allergy [23].