TNF and cervical cancer: Moreover, signaling pathways in cervical cancer affected by miR-21 include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/caspase-3/caspase-8, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and rat sarcoma virus (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) [17].