GFAP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The results demonstrated that the levels of Iba1 and GFAP in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and the brainstem of the SOD1-G93A mice were significantly elevated compared with those in the WT mice, indicating a marked activation of the microglia and astrocytes in the ALS pathology, while the treatment with rutin significantly reduced the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord and brainstem of the SOD1-G93A mice (Figure 5a–d).