TNF and sarcopenia: Among these, inflammatory responses, such as IFN-γ, IFN-α, TNF-α, and IL-6 responses, were consistently positively enriched, as illustrated in Figure 1C. Another significant change was observed in lipid metabolic pathways, encompassing oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism in Figure 1B. Overall, these findings suggest a correlation with the pathogenic processes of sarcopenia and provide evidence of shared molecular mechanisms across different species.