TGFB1 and neoplasm: Gu et al. (2022) revealed that lactate, being a plentiful tumor cell metabolite, influences Treg cells by promoting tumorigenesis via the lactylation of a membrane-organizing extension spike protein (MOESIN) at Lys 72, which enhances MOESIN interplay with the TGF-β receptor I and TGF-β signaling pathways in TME.