SERPINA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Giant SAAs are generally associated with similar risk factors to common SAAs, such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis), smoking, and diabetes mellitus, as well as arteritis, collagen vascular diseases, arterial fibrodysplasia, polyarteritis nodosa, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and systemic lupus erythematosus (S. Yadav et al., 2012) [25].