SMAD4 and neoplasm: mRNA encoding tumor inhibitors, such as P53 [214], PTEN [215], tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) [216], mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) [217]; proteins that induce cell membrane disruption, such as mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) [218]; or cancer-related receptor inhibitors, such as HER2 antibody [219], exhibit direct anti-cancer effects.