Ad-RTS-hIL-12 is an adenovirus engineered with an IL-12 transgene controlled by the RTS promoter, and the results from a phase I trial (NCT03636477) revealed that the combination of Ad-RTS-hIL-12 and the anti-PD-1 agent nivolumab was well tolerated in recurrent GBM patients and resulted in an mOS of 16.9 months [241]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to glioblastoma.