TLR5 and Sepsis: Cluster analysis revealed an upregulation of inflammation-related genes in sepsis patients, including genes encoding inflammatory cytokines (Tnfa, Il6, Il1a, Il1b), chemokines (Ccl3, Ccl4, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl8), immune receptors such as TREM family receptors (Trem1, Trem2, Treml2, Treml4), Toll-like receptors (Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr6, Tlr8, Tlr9), and NOD-like receptors (Nlrp3, Nlrc4, Nlrp12), while antiinflammatory factors such as Il4, Treml2, and Foxp3 were downregulated (Figure 1A).