C9orf72 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Other ALS-associated genes, such as the C9ORF72, TARDBP, and FUS genes have also been studied in many animal models but still present challenges in fully mimicking ALS pathology (Morrice et al. 2018; Amalyan et al. 2022; O’Rourke et al., 2015; Peters et al. 2015).