PDCD1 and neoplasm: These organoid frameworks also fostered the emergence of new immunotherapies and made it possible to examine the tumor reaction to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapies through uncoupling the cancer-infiltrating and cancer-surrounding elements, such as tumor stroma modifications or mechanical characteristics alterations [44].